{"id":232,"count":2,"description":"[:pl]Zapora Hoovera (ang. Hoover Dam, oficjalna nazwa w latach 1933\u20131947 Boulder Dam) \u2013 betonowa zapora wodna typu grawitacyjno-\u0142ukowego, zbudowana w Czarnym Kanionie na rzece Kolorado w Stanach Zjednoczonych, na granicy stan\u00f3w Arizona i Nevada. W chwili uko\u0144czenia w 1936 by\u0142a zar\u00f3wno najwi\u0119ksz\u0105 na \u015bwiecie elektrowni\u0105 wodn\u0105, jak i najwi\u0119ksz\u0105 na \u015bwiecie konstrukcj\u0105 betonow\u0105. Zosta\u0142a pokonana pod oboma wzgl\u0119dami przez zapor\u0119 Grand Coulee w 1945. Obecnie jest to 38. elektrownia wodna pod wzgl\u0119dem wielko\u015bci na \u015bwiecie.\r\n\r\nZapora znajduje si\u0119 48 km na po\u0142udniowy wsch\u00f3d od Las Vegas. Tama ma wysoko\u015b\u0107 224,1 m i d\u0142ugo\u015b\u0107 379,2 m. Szeroko\u015b\u0107 u podstawy wynosi 200 m, a na g\u00f3rze 15 m. Maksymalna moc elektrowni wodnej wynosi 2074 MW. Powy\u017cej zapory znajduje si\u0119 sztuczne jezioro Mead. Jezioro ma powierzchni\u0119 639 km\u00b2, obj\u0119to\u015b\u0107 35,2 km\u00b3 i si\u0119ga do 177 km w g\u00f3r\u0119 rzeki.\r\n\r\nZapora i elektrownia wodna s\u0105 zarz\u0105dzane przez Biuro ds. Melioracji (United States Bureau of Reclamation) podlegaj\u0105ce Departamentowi Zasob\u00f3w Wewn\u0119trznych. W 1981 zapora zosta\u0142a wpisana na Narodow\u0105 List\u0119 Miejsc Historycznych, a w 1985 sta\u0142a si\u0119 Narodowym Pomnikiem Historycznym USA.[:en]Hoover Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. Originally known as Boulder Dam from 1933, it was officially renamed Hoover Dam for President Herbert Hoover by a joint resolution of Congress in 1947.\r\n\r\nSince about 1900, the Black Canyon and nearby Boulder Canyon had been investigated for their potential to support a dam that would control floods, provide irrigation water and produce hydroelectric power. In 1928, Congress authorized the project. The winning bid to build the dam was submitted by a consortium called Six Companies, Inc., which began construction of the dam in early 1931. Such a large concrete structure had never been built before, and some of the techniques were unproven. The torrid summer weather and lack of facilities near the site also presented difficulties. Nevertheless, Six Companies turned the dam over to the federal government on March 1, 1936, more than two years ahead of schedule.\r\n\r\nHoover Dam impounds Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the United States by volume (when it is full).[6] The dam is located near Boulder City, Nevada, a municipality originally constructed for workers on the construction project, about 30 mi (48 km) southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada. The dam's generators provide power for public and private utilities in Nevada, Arizona, and California. Hoover Dam is a major tourist attraction; nearly a million people tour the dam each year. The heavily traveled U.S. Route 93 (US 93) ran along the dam's crest until October 2010, when the Hoover Dam Bypass opened.[:de]Der Hoover Dam (engl., dt. Hoover-Damm oder -Staumauer) ist eine Talsperre auf der Grenze zwischen den US-Bundesstaaten Nevada und Arizona, knapp 45 Kilometer osts\u00fcd\u00f6stlich von Las Vegas im Black Canyon. Sein Absperrbauwerk staut den Colorado River, der hier die Grenze zwischen Arizona und Nevada bildet, zum Lake Mead auf. Der Hauptzweck der Talsperre ist die kontrollierte Wasserabgabe in Arizona, Nevada und Kalifornien, ein weiterer Zweck ist die Gewinnung elektrischer Energie.[:it]La diga di Hoover (in inglese Hoover Dam, anche nota come Boulder Dam) \u00e8 una diga di tipo arco-gravit\u00e0 in calcestruzzo armato realizzata nel 1935 e situata nel Black Canyon lungo il corso del fiume Colorado, sul confine tra lo Stato dell'Arizona e del Nevada.\r\n\r\nPer la sua realizzazione furono impiegati 3 400 000 m3 di calcestruzzo, che consentirono di realizzare una struttura alta 221 m e lunga 201 m alla base. Al momento del suo completamento era il pi\u00f9 grande impianto di produzione di energia idroelettrica e anche la pi\u00f9 grande struttura in calcestruzzo degli Stati Uniti. Fu superata in entrambi i campi dalla diga Grand Coulee, diga iniziata nel 1933 e inaugurata nel 1942. La diga, costruita durante la grande depressione in maniera da fornire energia elettrica a basso costo per l'industria statunitense, fu inaugurata il 30 settembre 1935 dal presidente Franklin D. Roosevelt.\r\n\r\nQuesta diga, situata circa 48 km a sud-est di Las Vegas (Nevada), venne intitolata a Herbert Hoover, che svolse un ruolo fondamentale nella sua costruzione, in primo luogo come segretario del commercio e successivamente come presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America. La costruzione di questa struttura, approvata nel 1928 dal Congresso, inizi\u00f2 nel 1931 e termin\u00f2 nel 1935, con pi\u00f9 di due anni di anticipo sul programma.\r\n\r\nIl bacino artificiale creato dalla diga prende il nome di lago Mead ed \u00e8 il pi\u00f9 grande lago artificiale degli Stati Uniti.[:es]La presa Hoover (Hoover Dam, en ingl\u00e9s) es una presa de hormig\u00f3n de arco-gravedad, ubicada en el curso del r\u00edo Colorado, en la frontera entre los estados de Arizona y Nevada (EE. UU.). Est\u00e1 situada 48 km al sureste de Las Vegas.\r\n\r\nInicialmente se llam\u00f3 presa de Boulder, pero finalmente recibi\u00f3 el nombre de Presa Hoover, en honor de Herbert Hoover, que jug\u00f3 un papel fundamental en su construcci\u00f3n, primero como Secretario de Comercio y despu\u00e9s como Presidente de Estados Unidos.\r\n\r\nSe construy\u00f3 durante la \u00e9poca de la Gran Depresi\u00f3n, entre 1931 y 1936, complet\u00e1ndose dos a\u00f1os antes de lo previsto. Est\u00e1 gestionada por el Bureau of Reclamation del Departamento de Interior. Desde 1981 figura en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Hist\u00f3ricos.\r\n\r\nEl lago creado aguas arriba recibe el nombre de lago Mead, en honor de Elwood Mead, ingeniero que previ\u00f3 la necesidad de la presa.[:fr]Le barrage Hoover (en anglais Hoover Dam et anciennement Boulder Dam) est un barrage poids-vo\u00fbte sur le fleuve Colorado aux \u00c9tats-Unis, pr\u00e8s de Boulder City, \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re entre l'Arizona et le Nevada. Il fut construit entre 1931 et 1936, durant la Grande D\u00e9pression, et fut inaugur\u00e9 le 30 septembre 1935 par le pr\u00e9sident Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Sa construction fut le r\u00e9sultat d'un effort massif impliquant des milliers d'ouvriers dans des conditions difficiles qui caus\u00e8rent la mort de 112 d'entre eux. Sa construction a n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 7 millions de tonnes de b\u00e9ton.\r\n\r\nD\u00e8s le d\u00e9but du xxe si\u00e8cle, le Black Canyon et le Boulder Canyon avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9s pour leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 accueillir un barrage capable de r\u00e9guler le d\u00e9bit du Colorado, de permettre l'irrigation et de fournir de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. En 1928, le Congr\u00e8s des \u00c9tats-Unis approuva un tel projet. Le contrat pour la construction fut accord\u00e9 \u00e0 un consortium appel\u00e9 Six Companies, Inc. (en) qui entama la construction au d\u00e9but de l'ann\u00e9e 1931. Une si grande structure en b\u00e9ton n'avait jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 construite jusqu'alors et certaines techniques \u00e9taient encore balbutiantes. Les \u00e9t\u00e9s torrides et le manque d'infrastructures \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du site furent un probl\u00e8me. N\u00e9anmoins, Six Companies, Inc. acheva la construction le 1er mars 1936, plus de deux ans avant la date pr\u00e9vue.\r\n\r\nLa mise en eau du barrage Hoover entra\u00eena la cr\u00e9ation du lac Mead. La ville de Boulder City, initialement construite pour h\u00e9berger les ouvriers travaillant \u00e0 la construction, se trouve \u00e0 environ 40 km au sud-est de Las Vegas. Les centrales \u00e9lectriques du barrage fournissent de l'\u00e9nergie pour les installations du Nevada, de l'Arizona et de la Californie. Le barrage Hoover est un important site touristique et accueille pr\u00e8s d'un million de touristes par an.[:]","link":"https:\/\/eclipses.eu\/index.php\/project-tag\/zapora-hoovera\/","name":"Zapora Hoovera","slug":"zapora-hoovera","taxonomy":"jetpack-portfolio-tag","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eclipses.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/jetpack-portfolio-tag\/232","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eclipses.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/jetpack-portfolio-tag"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eclipses.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/taxonomies\/jetpack-portfolio-tag"}],"wp:post_type":[{"href":"https:\/\/eclipses.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/jetpack-portfolio?jetpack-portfolio-tag=232"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}